ijsrm.in - Design and laying out of roads and paths in Greece for better management and development of the forest area

Design and laying out of roads and paths in Greece for better management and development of the forest area | International Journal of Scientific Research and Management

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Diamondand laying out of roads and paths in Greece for largest management and minutiae of the forest zone | International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Quick jump to page content Main Navigation Main Content Sidebar e-ISSN : 2321-3418 | Email: editor@ijsrm.in Register Login HomeWell-nighAbout the Journal Editorial Team Submissions Current Issue Archives Contact Home Archives Vol 6 No 09 (2018) Forestry and Environmental Total : PDF: 37 XML: 3 | Total views: 40Diamondand laying out of roads and paths in Greece for largest management and minutiae of the forest zone Sarantis-Angelos Liampas, × Sarantis-Angelos Liampas DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE . Close VASILEIOS DROSOS, professor, × VASILEIOS DROSOS, professor Democritus University of Thrace . Close Article Date Published : 1 September 2018 | Page No.: FE-2018-75-79 | Google Scholar DOI https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i9.fe01 Article Text Article Info Citation Tools Article Metrics Abstract The forest covers everyday many human needs (e.g. recreation, walking, hiking, mountaineering, training, sports, etc.). These activities are achieved through the use of paths, which are now well ripened and have taken the form of a network. During the past they constituted shaped ways by pedestrians and animals in order to join places that have for man any particular interest. Today, with technology development, in their mapping and surveying was given to them unconfined importance, considering they serve as mentioned whilom many activities and at the same time constitute an ecological form of road, friendlier to the environment than other archetype routes. In consequence, depending on the regions we want to approach, potential users, the length, the stratum of difficulty and their shape, we distinguish the paths in various categories (paths of big corridors, mountaineering paths hiking trails, peripatetic paths, educational paths and in combinations of paths). Greece except from the national trails contains moreover parts of two international paths (E4, E6). The diamond and laying out of paths is judged essential considering it constitutes important tool of sustainable management. In order to laying out of the paths and the production of maps can be used several devices and instruments such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the electronic compass - finder (TruePulse 360° B). These devices provide us with unbearable information well-nigh the terrain and they contribute to the megacosm of topographical activities in order to develop the zone as it appears in this paper. The study zone is a typical semi mountainous zone in the Macedonia region. The results of the measurements are presented in GIS, where the final shape of the path is appeared, and the points of measurement are given in tables. The mapping can be extended and the results of the surveying can be included in a printed or electronic map data in order to be used by stakeholders. Introduction Path is a friendly form of road on the forest environment. Therefore it would be good to map the unshortened route network in Greece. So it would be easier to manage but moreover to highlight areas of the country. The proposed mapping of paths can start from the national network of paths and protract with other routes of interest, aiming the maximum spritz of information (e.g. for the minutiae of eco-tourism, minutiae and management of recreation, skidding with animals) and often serve the various needs of users of trails. The results of these mapping can be included in a printed or electronic material for use by stakeholders. The lists of points’ coordinates of each route will be misogynist so that they are used as waypoints to a GPS receiver and guide a walking tour, etc. While the well-judged digital mapping of the paths can be the understructure for the production of multimedia products for the worldliness of future visitors to the area's natural, historical and tourist features [ 1 , 2 ]. The diamond and layout of trails, is a device that helps profoundly to the “educational experience”, while minimizing impacts on ecosystems, keeping visitors and nuisances in specific areas [ 3 ]. Creating routes of environment interpretation is important considering it is a tool that contributes profoundly to the promotion of the paleontological findings and is a midpoint of promotion “live” and immediate. Simultaneously, the setting out of paths helps to the protection of them without it is achieved the tenancy of the visitors in the protection area, organizing the tours, and minimize the damages to the findings. Each trail network should not only take into worth the paleontological value of each region and the ecological and stimulating value, to propose a route network to the visitor that offers multiple levels of information and recreation. The paths should indulge visitors to be informed well-nigh the history of the natural incubation of the last million years, while enjoying the eyeful of modern natural history of each zone [ 4 , 5 ]. The proposed routes must meet a wide range of visitors and interest. Developing a network of paths, incorporating existing trails should be designed to unify variegated elements of the environment, both ecologically and culturally, and to highlight towardly them while making easier the environmental education and visitor information.Planethe diamond and construction of trails can serve schools and people with disabilities and enables the possibility of visitors traffic with “environmentally friendly” ways [ 5 , 6 ](such as bicycles, horses, mules, etc.). The growing turnout of visitors and the modern conditions of safety and recreational in woodland, create the needs for reformation and promotion of new trails. The restoration and enhancement of rejuvenating paths considered as intervention which does not yo-yo the weft of an zone and its natural environment [ 7 ]. It is a complementary worriedness and a continuous rendering of services, as well as is the link to the various sectors of developing the local economy. Recreation paths are for people. They indulge us to go when to our roots. Paths help humans make sense of a world increasingly dominated by automobiles and pavement. They indulge us to come increasingly closely in touch with our natural surroundings, to soothe our psyches, to rencontre our bodies, and to practice warmed-over skills. Keep this in mind when designing, constructing, and maintaining paths. Although many paths have some purely utilitarian value, their esthetic and recreational qualities are important to most people. A well-crafted path is unobtrusive, environmentally sensitive, and fun. Human psychology moreover plays a role. A useful path must be easy, obvious, and convenient. Paths exist simply considering they are an easier way of getting someplace. Of course, many paths, such as wilderness trails, dirt velocipede routes, or climbing routes, are deliberately challenging with a relatively upper stratum of risk. All paths are not created equal. Each is ideally designed, constructed, and maintained to meet specific requirements. These specifications relate to the recreational activities the path is intended to provide, the planned level of difficulty, the value of use expected, and physical characteristics of the land. Ecological and esthetic considerations are moreover important [ 8 , 9 ]. The paths in a forest are the key in the hands of the visitor. Following them the visitor gets familiar not only with the beauties of the forest but moreover with the towardly ways to protect the forest from damages which may result from reactional use. The right connection of paths with the route network of the forest is the weightier guide for the visitors concerning the spots which may have stimulating interest [ 10 ]. As in the specimen of roads the deigning construction of paths in the forests have to ensure the visitor with security, repletion and completeness of stimulating satisfaction. For these reason during the diamond and construction of paths, it should be [ 6 , 7 ]: Avoided large inclinations which may harass the visitors. Ensured a stunning view full of impressing and scenic sonnet of landscapes. Offered during the route, a variety of vegetation, joy of meeting several animals and birds and projection of impressing geomorphic shapes. Inspirited the feeling of security so the visitors can finger unscratched and protected from any danger such as wild animals and poisonous plants Paths designed on slopes offer to visitors of forests easier conditions of recreation. The special features of the construction of paths stupefy in a significant stratum their use from the visitors as well. There are frequent cases, expressly in mountainous areas, where can be observed path shortcuts caused from their visitors [ 4 ]. These happens when the diamond and the construction of paths do not please the visitor or when the slope make them finger tired. During the construction the paths in the forest have to: Have width 0, 40 - 0,80 m Be covered with gravel in thickness of at least 5 cm Be often synthetic stony terraces in cases of large inclinations Be synthetic roads with rocks or tree trunks or rails, in cases that the imbricate is not possible Create obstacles in many spots with the installation of bumps or tree trunks or tuft of soil or shrubs, so that paths cannot be passed. Contrary to what happens on the roads, where the suburbanite has to follow them plane then is pleased or not, with the diamond and construction, the visitor in the woods can make his own diamond of paths considering it is possible to see it as the weightier solution. For these reason it is believed that visitors should be left the diamond first on their own to ensure the normal construction of paths, later. These solution, though is not exactly the right one, since the visitor of the forest does not know where are the sights and the spots of the forest that can be sensitive. That’s why the largest diamond and construction of paths can ensure the valuable protection of the visitor and the forest as well. Last but not least, a network of paths in the forest has to be followed by a sign spot system. In this way the diamond and the construction of paths will be increasingly reliable, since the towardly sign spot system will requite to the visitors the right information for the forest area. Materials and Methods 2.1 Research zone As a research zone was chosen the Forest ramified Vria-Ritini of the prefecture Pieria in Greece. It’s located in a mountainous zone named Pieria Mountains ( Figure 1 ). The forest ramified is in the highest north-east area. The forest ramified of Vria-Ritini is 4600 ha and is located between 4o 14’ 12’’ – 40o 17’ 06 and -1o 32’ 50’’ - -1o 21’ 56’’. Figure 1: Research zone 2.2 Materials The instrument that was used in order to survey part of the paths was the electronic compass - finder True Pulse Laser Technology 360° B and the geodetic GPS LEICA VIVA GS15 ( Figure 2 ). The electronic compass – finder on a tripod unchangingly shots to the reflector that is mounted on the height of the observer’s eye. The target height is remaining stock-still until the end of the measurements. The 360 laser rangefinder has an integrated compass that allows us to measure azimuth and provides an uneaten onboard solution tabbed missing line. This is a simple 2-shot routine that instantly calculates the distance, inclination and azimuth direction value between any two remote points. For downloading data into any uniform data collector, we can use the standard RS232 serial port or Bluetooth®. Figure 2: True Pulse Laser Technology 360° B and GPS LEICA VIVA GS15 Results The elevation and resurgence of the path automatically helps to highlight the natural environment of the study area. The undertow has been thoughtfully traced so that the visitor can walk through secure places and not to disturb the surrounding environment (old terraces etc.). The study does not foresee wearing and pruning of trees, while there are signs for paving, aiming to modernize the Aesthetics, the view, but whilom all the sense of security that the visitor must finger while walking withal the path. In general, the undertow of the path and the selection of the positions of the complementary works were based on:Unscratchedpassage Continuous and uninterrupted visual contact with the aquatic element and the wider natural environment, as well as the protection of the unshortened zone The emergence of the natural eyeful of the zone with works and constructions that will not yo-yo the natural environment and will be well-timed to the whole philosophy of the landscape The pleasant and well-appointed stay of the visitors in the area. Figure 3: Designed Trail Figure 4: Slope of Trail Figure 5: Aspect of Trail Figure 6: Trail view with contours Figure 7: Trail view with elevation Discussion Mapping the unshortened Greek route network in an electronic digital form will warn visitors to the natural and historical eyeful of Greek country. Also, through organised tours, tourists get the opportunity to enjoy themselves and learn well-nigh the Greek cultural value and historical treasures. Any struggle of altering, reconstructing or redesigning the once existing trails should be washed-up in a respectful and friendly way towards the environment serving both the needs of potential visitors as well as the needs of natural life. Human is an integral part of nature and vice-versa. By constructing new paths and preserving the old ones we embrace nature, soothe our souls, connect with our past and rencontre our technological future. References Skopelos .. [ CrossRef ] [Google Scholar] Figure 13: Gervais’ beaked whales observed south of La Gomera in the Canary Islands (Video S2). .. [ CrossRef ] [Google Scholar] Combined management strategies for the valorisation and reuse of defence cultural heritage and the promotion of sustainable cultural tourism Quattrone G. SustainableMinutiaeand Planning VII.2015. [ CrossRef ] [Google Scholar] Rabbinic Rhetoric and the Tribute Passage (Mt. 22:15-22$\mathsemicolon$ Mk. 12:13-17$\mathsemicolon$ Lk. 20:20-26) Owen-Ball DavidT. Novum Testamentum.1993-jan;:1-14. [ CrossRef ] [Google Scholar] ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY OF FOREST ROADS AT THE SUBURBAN FOREST OF THESSALONIKI Psilovikos Thomas, Giannoulas Vasileios. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal.2017;:2791-2802. [ CrossRef ] [Google Scholar] Downloads Download data is not yet available. Comments & Peer Review Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. Author's Affiliation Sarantis-Angelos Liampas DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE Google Scholar VASILEIOS DROSOS, professor Democritus University of Thrace Google Scholar Copyrights & License International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 2018. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Article Details Issue: Vol 6 No 09 (2018) Page No.: FE-2018-75-79 Section: Forestry and Environmental DOI: https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i9.fe01 How to Cite Liampas, S.-A., & DROSOS, V. (2018).Diamondand laying out of roads and paths in Greece for largest management and minutiae of the forest area. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 6(09), FE-2018. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i9.fe01IncreasinglyCitation Formats ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver Download Citation Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX HTML Viewed - 161 Times PDF Downloaded - 37 Times XML Downloaded - 3 Times Sections PDF XML Downloads PDF XML Sections We Recommend Latest ArticleWell-nighUs International Journal of Scientific Research and Management is , unshut access, peer reviewed, monthly journals publisher We believe in publication values and request all the authors for same. 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